Revelation

Exegetical Study Notes on the Greek Text

PDF eBook

These exegetical notes are available for download in the form a 473p A5 PDF eBook Commentary on the Greek text of the Book of Revelation. Follow the link at the bottom of the page.

 
Introduction

We are not sure who wrote the Revelation, although early tradition holds that John the apostle was the author. It is written as a letter with associated apocalyptic visions using conventional symbols of the time. It makes particular reference to seven churches in the Roman province of Asia in western Asia Minor, but of course, its message is applicable to all Christian churches, both then and today.

John calls his work "prophecy". His prophecy addresses the Christian church, a church compromised by adapting to secular culture and drifting in its commitment to the apostolic gospel. He therefore announces to the church that "the kingdom of God is at hand." In John's prophetic perspective the kingdom is realised; the Great Day of the Lord is upon us, the day of judgment at hand - it is unfolding before our very eyes. Given this reality, it is time for the church to face its many sins and repent, for it is only those who "conquer", those who persevere in faith, who will be saved.

 
The structure of Revelation
 

Prologue, 1:1-20

i] Greeting, doxology and prophetic sayings, 1:1-8

ii] John's vision of the risen Christ in Patmos, 1:9-20

The letters to the seven churches, 2:1-3:22

The Christian church, compromised and struggling

i] Ephesus, 2:1-7

ii] Smyrna, 2:8-11

iii] Pergamum, 2:12-17

iv] Thyaitira, 2:18-29

v] Sardis, 3:1-6

vi] Philadelphia, 3:7-13

vii] Laodicea, 3:14-22

The vision of God and the Lamb, 4:1-5:14

i] Adoration of the Creator, 4:1-11

ii] Adoration of the Lamb, 5:1-10

iii] Worthy is the Lamb that was slain, 5:11-14

The messianic judgments, 6:1-16:21

    The heavenly perspective: judgment is complete in Christ

1. The judgment of the seven seals, 6:1-8:5

i] The opening of the first four seals, 6:1-8

ii] The opening of the fifth seal, 6:9-11

iii] The opening of the sixth seal, 6:12-17

iv] Interlude:

a) The sealing of God's servants, 7:1-8

b)The Lamb is the shepherd, 7:9-17

v] The opening of the seventh seal, 8:1-5

2. The judgment of the seven trumpets, 8:6-11:18

i] Sounding the first four trumpets, 8:6-13

ii] Sounding the fifth trumpet, 9:1-12

iii] Sounding the sixth trumpet, 9:13-21

iv] Interlude:

a) The mighty angel and his scroll, 10:1-11

b)The two witnesses, 11:1-14

v] Sounding the seventh trumpet, 11:15-18

3. The battle with the beasts. 11:19-15:4

    The divine protection of God's people in conflict with evil

i] God's people are secure, 11:19

ii] The woman and the dragon, 12:1-6

iii] War in heaven, 12:7-17

iv] The beast from the sea, 12:18-13:10

v] The beast from the land, 13:11-18

vi] The triumph of the redeemed and the Lamb, 14:1-5

vii] The church militant, 14:6-13

viii] Life and judgment, 14:14-20

ix] The saints are triumphant, 15:1-4

4. The judgment of the seven bowls, 15:5-16:21

i] The angels prepare for judgment, 15:5-8

ii] The outpouring of the first four bowls, 16:1-9

iii] The outpouring of the fifth and sixth bowl, 16:10-16

iv] The outpouring of the seventh bowl - judgment, 16:17-21

The reign of Christ, 17:1-22:5

1. The ruin of the harlot Babylon, 17:1-19:10

    The self-destruction of antichrist's kingdom

      "Come, I will show you the judgment of the great prostitute"

i] The great harlot, Babylon, 17:1-6a

ii] The beast, the harlot and the ten kings, 17:6b-18

iii] The judgment of Babylon, 18:1-8

iv] The three woes - a lament for Babylon, 18:9-19

v] Babylon remembered, 18:20-24

vi] The marriage of the Lamb - vindication, 19:1-10

  Interlude: The demise of the Beast, 19:11-21:8.

i] The coming king and his armies, 19:11-16

ii] The defeat of the beasts, 19:17-21

iii] The millennial bondage of Satan, 20:1-3

iv] Saints millennial reign and defeat of Gog, 20:4-10

v] The final judgment, 20:11-15

vi] New heavens and a new earth, 21:1-8

2. The dawning of the City of God, 21:9-22:5

    The revelation of the bride of Christ

      "Come, I will show you the bride, the wife of the Lamb"

i] The new Jerusalem, 21:9-21

ii] Paradise regained, 21:22-22:5

Epilogue, 22:6-21

i] General testimonies to Christ, 22:6-11

ii] The testimony of Jesus, 22:12-21

 

The structure of the book of Revelation is an ongoing debating topic, but one of the more suggestive and widely accepted models is the one developed by Farrer, A Rebirth of Images, 1949. He argues that the structure is sabbatical; six groupings of seven followed by a sabbath rest, the sabbath rest of God, the new Jerusalem, Rev.21-22. This approach is interesting, but somewhat of a stretch when it comes to the fine details. None-the-less, a structure something like this is evident. See "Context", 1:1-8.

 
Thesis

The kingdom of God is at hand, repent and believe the gospel

 

The experience of God's people in the here and now stands in contrast to another reality, the eternal reign of Christ, 4:1-5:14. The gospel proclaims the reality of the kingdom of God / the reign of God; in this reality grace is all - new life in Christ expedited by Christ. From our perspective, Christ is the slain Lamb, but if we look past the fog of earthly strife, we may see him on his throne, the glorious Lion, the reigning one. So, there is another reality which stands in contrast to the experience of God's people, namely, the messianic judgment, 6:1-20:15. The seals are broken and the powers of darkness, Babylon, the Beast and his associates, are already judged and lay in ruin; their threats are but the death-rattles of a wild beast. Beyond the day of judgment there is another reality which stands in contrast to the experience of God's people, namely, the glory for which we hope. The city of God, the new Jerusalem, is a glory which is even now taking shape before our eyes, 21:1-22:5.

In the seven letters to the churches, 2:1-3:2, we see the Christian fellowship warts and all. It stands at the crossroads of history, of God's now / not yet reign, compromised in the face of a hostile environment. Yet the church, which has survived to this moment of time between the cross and Christ's return, will soon share in "what must soon take place", 1:1. To this end the church must repent and persevere in faith - it must "conquer".

 
The prophetic perspective

John, in his revelation from Christ, confronts us with the reality of the Great Day of the Lord, a day of blessing / glory, a day of cursing / disaster / judgment, a day for the full realisation of the kingdom of God. John draws us into the imagery of the prophets of the historic kingdom (eg., Ezekiel and his apocalyptic visions), who, on looking back to the shallow victory won by David, proclaims that the Great Day was a day of disaster for their age. Yes, Goliath had fallen, but the sinful state of the people of Israel pointed to another Day. There would have to be a new David, a new messiah for a new kingdom, a new Zion. The prophets of the restored kingdom proclaimed the same message to the people of Israel (eg., Zechariah in his apocalyptic visions) - a Day that is still coming. Nehemiah's kingdom was no Great Day of the Lord, it was but a shadow of the historic kingdom; its temple an embarrassment.

[Kingdom diagram]
 

The gospel proclaims that the time is fulfilled, the victory is won, the kingdom come; it proclaims that the Great Day is upon us, that the powers of darkness are subdued, the great Satan defeated by a cross and glory won in an empty tomb. Faced with the risen Christ, the disciples were forced to conclude that the kingdom of God is at hand; the Great Day was bursting in upon them.

[Kingdom diagram]

Yet, the disciples of Christ soon discovered another reality. If the cross and empty tomb proclaim the victory, the kingdom come, the Great Day won, where is the glory in full measure? Is the New Testament church just another repeated image of a future reality? The answer is "yes and no." The Christian community is indeed caught in a fading age facing interesting times, but it is also on a journey, in like manner to the children of Israel all those years before. So, the church faces struggle as it awaits its Armageddon, a battle for which victory is assured, a not yet. Even so, this is not the end of the story.

[Kingdom diagram]

Through his apocalyptic visions, John confronts us with another reality, the reality of realised eschatology, the now of the kingdom of God (illustrated by a curser rollover on the image below).

In terms of the kingdom now, we join John in the throne-room of the Ancient of Days to witness an exuberant celebration and affirmation of the divine. The Great Day of the Lord is come, the reign of God is realised, and the Lamb that was slain, the Lion of Judah is breaking open the seals, the trumpets are blowing, the beasts destroyed and the bowls spilt. The harlot of Babylon is in ruin and the New Jerusalem, the city of God, resides in all her glory. The kingdom is now and so we find ourselves reigning with Christ in eternity.


John confronts us with this dichotomy by means of apocalyptic imagery. Although its time frame is linear, apocalyptic makes the impact of the visions immediate. John's present experience may well be the destruction of Jerusalem in AD70 with the tyrannical power of Rome even now impacting on his seven churches. These troubles serve as a paradigm for a greater tribulation, that of the last day. For John, and for his readers, the last day is a future day framed by their present experience, a day that is even now impacting upon them.
the prophetic perspective

In this fading age, this fluttering of God's eyelid, this moment in eternity, the secular city is like a beast in its death-throws, dangerous but done. If we look beyond our immediate experience, the Whore of Babylon is in ruins and the City of God stands before us in all her glory. If we are to share in this glory we must conquer - we must repent and persevere in faith.

 
Interpretive Approaches

When it comes to interpreting the signs unveiled in the Revelation, a number of approaches have emerged over the years. The following classifications may be helpful, although they can only serve as a guide:

 

Historicist: With this approach the visions are equated with events in our present age, ie., 70AD to the return of Christ. The Reformers tended to adopt this method of interpretation, eg., the Antichrist is identified with the Pope. In later times, Napoleon was identified as the aniChrist, and in the early twentieth century it was Hitler. Few recognised commentators accept this method today.

Preterist: With this approach, the visions, signs and symbols are aligned with events at the time the book was written, ie., it describes past events as if they were prophecy. There are two main groups. The first group holds that the book was written late in the 1st. century. For them, the book is all about the Roman Empire, "Babylon the Great", the persecutor of the Christian church, an empire destined to destruction; see the commentaries by Charles and Sweet for this approach. The second group holds that the book was written, or purports to be written, prior to the destruction of Jerusalem, and so the book addresses the rejection of the Messiah, the persecution of the church and the destruction of Jerusalem; see Kraybill, Apocalypse Now, Christianity Today, 1999.

Idealist: This approach spiritualises the visions, taking them to refer to all periods of history such that they allude to no specific events in history. So, the book describes the symbolic battle of good against evil, of the church struggling, and at time victorious, through the ages; see the commentaries by Hendrickson and Hughes. Some who fall into this camp do, at the same time, see a consummation of all things in Revelation, an ultimate salvation and judgment at the return of Christ; see the commentary by Beale.

Futurist: In this approach to the book of Revelation, the visions from chapter 4 onward are viewed as predictive, symbolically describing events leading up to the last day. This approach presents in two main forms. The first, dispensationalism, either pre or post millennial. This approach is very popular, but is not widely accepted by New Testament scholars. The restoration of Israel, the rebuilding of the temple, the rapture, etc., are all elements central to this approach. The second is a less predictive form which doesn't strictly define the series of events leading to the end. With this approach the visions speak of Christ's return after the church (not Israel) has suffered in the tribulation; see the commentaries by Mounce, Osborne and Beasley-Murray.

 

Modern commentators, including those listed as proponents of a particular approach to the book of Revelation, tend often to be lateral (eclectic!), rather than linear. So, for example, Beale says of himself that he is a "modified idealist", Koester, on the other hand, rejects such classifications, but he is usually viewed as a preterist-idealist. Modern commentators display, in varying degrees, a blend of preterist, idealist and futurist.

These notes reflect an eclectic approach to interpretation, in the greater part idealist, even theological, such that John's words are treated as a divine revelation for all believers throughout the ages. Yet, at the same time, they may also be classified as preterist and futurist. Although the words of a prophet will apply to future generations, they are primarily addressed to their own generation. It is the struggle of his own generation that John addresses (ie., preterist), but their struggle serves as a paradigm for our struggle (ie., idealist). When John addresses the troubles affecting his churches, he does so within the context of the troubles that will engulf the world at the end of the age, the troubles associated with the Great Day of the Lord (ie., futurist).

So, the players in John's apocalyptic revelation have performed in his past, in his present, in our present and in the future. Take Babylon, the corrupt evil city, with its associates, the beast ("satanically-manipulated political power", Richardson) and the prophet (beast from the land = "Satanically-manipulated ideologies", Richardson) = antiChrist / Gog. The historic Babylon was all this, as was Babel before it, and now they are nothing. For John, Rome, the Emperor and the instruments of the State, are all this, and will soon be nothing. We today, witnessing the collapse of Western civilisation as it abandons its founding principles, the teachings of Christ, know well that the secular city will soon be nothing. And into the coming ages it will always be so until, at Armageddon, Satan and his associates end up as nothing.

As for the Christian community of John's day, so today, we dance with the devil; some members remain true, but most are compromised. This situation must be addressed, for the day of judgment is now and God's eternal city is already before us. In this fading age, compromised by the secular city, Christ calls on his church to repent and persevere in faith.

 
Theological Aim

Many aims have been suggested, eg., Sweet argues that John is addressing the materialism and idolatry affecting 1st. century Christianity, and so to this end he argues for the uniqueness of Christ and the need to be faithful to the end. Beale, on the other hand, thinks John is calling for a faithful witness in the face of the temptation to compromise belief and action under the pressure of a godless pagan society, ie. the problem of secularisation. Smalley thinks "the seer's chief concern is to present a drama about God's salvation through his judgment to a community which was itself infected with falsehood." Smalley argues that John's community, based in Ephesus, was torn on the doctrine of the humanity and deity of Christ, leaning toward either a Ebionitic stance, or pre-gnostic / docetic stance.

We are on safer ground if we accept that the Revelation can only properly be interpreted under the guiding principle of the gospel. Without a focus on the gospel, speculative and fanciful interpretations dominate. John's aim is the euaggelion, the "important news", that "the kingdom of God is at hand" - the full appropriation of the promised blessings of the covenant is now ours / life eternal is now ours, as a gift of grace through faith in the faithfulness of Christ. This reality is now and not yet / realised and inaugurated. This reality demands that we turn to Christ (repent) and rest on him in faith (persevere, conquer). See The Gospel in Revelation, Goldsworthy, 1994.

 
Authorship

Most modern scholars agree with Dionysius, the bishop of Alexandria in the third century, who argued that John, the author of Revelation, is not John the apostle, the author of the gospel of John and the epistles of John. He made three points: First, John the prophet, the author of Revelation, makes no claim that he is John the son of Zebedee, brother of James, etc. The name John is a common name. Second, there is strong affinity in thought and language between the gospel and epistles of John, but little between them and the book of Revelation. Third, the Greek in the gospel and epistles of John is faultless, but the Greek in Revelation is crude.

Of course, this argument proceeds from the assumption that the gospel and epistles of John are from the hand of John the apostle, the beloved disciple. As the gospel says of itself, the author of the gospel is a person who edits the tradition he has received from John, the beloved disciple, cf., Jn.21:24, "we know that his testimony is true." The gospel is Hellenistic in thought and well written, while Revelation is Semitic, highly influenced by the Old Testament, and poorly written. An Aramaic fisherman is more likely to write in poor Greek, and think like a Jew. Still, it should be noted that the difference in thought between the gospel and revelation is not as great as Dionysius claimed, eg., "the Word of God", "the Lamb of God", etc. Then there is the tradition that it was John the apostle who exercised authority over Asia Minor from his base at Ephesus, not John the prophet. The early church fathers ascribed the book to John the apostle, eg., Justin Martyr, Irenaeus, Tertullian. Eusebius, referring to the writings of Papias, argues that the book was from the hand of John the Elder, but Eusebius is quite possibly misunderstanding what Papias was saying. Papias often refers to the apostles as elders. As it stands, there seems no substantial reason to discount the tradition that the Revelation was from the hand of John the beloved disciple.

Maybe we should lean toward Kiddle who noted in his Moffat commentary published in 1940, that "the authorship of the Revelation may prove the one mystery of the book which will never be revealed in this world."

 
Date

Noting our friend Dionysius again, he argued that the Revelation should not be interpreted in a literal sense. This is a widely held view among those commentators who tend to be amilliennial in their approach to the book - more theological than historical. Trying to work out the date of writing by identifying which Roman emperor identifies with the remaining king of the anti-Christian empire is fraught, cf., 17:10ff.

Persecution is often viewed as the context within which the book was written. The first major persecution of the Christian church was at the end of the reign of Nero, around 68AD. The second major persecution inflicted on the Christian church was toward the end of the reign of Domition, around 95AD. This period of persecution was widespread and fits well with John being punished for being a Christian minister. Irenaeus, writing in the latter part of the second century, held the view that Revelation was written during the reign of Domition. Sweet sums up the majority of modern scholars when he says "to sum up, the earlier date may be right, but the internal evidence is not sufficient to outweigh the firm tradition stemming from Irenaeus."

Although persecution is viewed as the context for Revelation, a fair reading of the seven letters does not evidence widespread persecution. A latter date may be preferred by most scholars, but the internal and external evidence gives support to an earlier date. Smalley suggests a date just before the fall of Jerusalem when Titus was the emperor of Rome. The lingering stains of Nero's pogrom, harassment of the church by Jewish authorities, a decline in fervour and a general adjustment to the secular environment, provides a compelling context for the writing of Revelation.

 
Literary Genre

Revelation, more than any other New Testament book, requires a recognition of the form of literature being employed. The text of the book moves from narrative, to poetry, from hymns to prose, oracles to apocalyptic visions, ..... all requiring a recognition of the form of literature being used. Where literary forms are ignored we end up with apocalyptic visions read as actual accounts of events yet to be fulfilled, eg., the millennium. The prophecy-school approach prompts age-long debates between postmillennialists (a 1,000 year reign of Christ prior to his second coming and the formation of the new heavens and new earth) and premillennialists (a 1,000 year reign of Christ after his second coming and before the formation of the new heavens and new earth). I fall into the amilliennial camp, holding that the 1,000 years is nothing more than an image of this present age, an age which was initiated with the death, resurrection and ascension of Christ, an age which will end at his return.

Of all the literary forms in Revelation, the most difficult to interpret is the apocalyptic texts. These texts align with a form of writing which was popular among the Jews from the second century BC into the first century AD. It was a particularly vivid way of expressing a Biblical truth. The author would describe how they had received a revelation from God, often by an angel, and how they were instructed to write the revelation in a scroll for posterity. This revelation turns out to be weird and wonderful, requiring a divine explanation. See Leon Morris, Apocalyptic, IVF, 1972, and Bauckham, The Climax of prophecy, p38-91, T&T Clark, 1993.

 
Millennialism

A dispensationalist approach to the Revelation of John is widely accepted in some quarters. This view was popularised some years ago in Hal Lindsay's, The Late Great Planet Earth. In this view there is an immanent "coming [of Christ] for his saints" when believers are raptured. Jesus comes secretly and raises the dead and transfigures the living to himself in the air. This is the resurrection at the first coming of Christ. Then follows seven years when the world is evangelised, Israel converted, the great tribulation occurs and the Antichrist is revealed. After this, Jesus returns with his saints to judge the world and usher in his millennial kingdom. For some, this kingdom is an eternal one, reigning over new heavens and new earth. For others it lasts for a thousand years. Those who believe in the millennial kingdom fall into two groups:

a) Premillennial. This view maintains the sequence of events above with the millennial kingdom centred in Jerusalem and a new temple, a kingdom ruled by Christ and his saints with great power and glory. The reign of the earthly kingdom ends when Satan is loosed for a time. He attacks the holy city, but is ultimately defeated and judged. This ushers in the new heavens and new earth.

b) Postmillennial. This view sometimes holds to a literal thousand years. "A period in the later days of the church militant, when, under the special influence of the Holy Spirit, the spirit of the martyrs shall appear again, true religion is greatly quickened and revived, and the members of Christ's churches become so conscious of their strength in Christ that they shall, to an extent unknown before, triumph over the power of evil both within and without". So says Strong. The return of Christ comes at the conclusion of this millennial kingdom.

The dispensational approach tends to proof-text scripture and so is more imposed than derived. One disastrous byproduct of dispensational thought is that it encourages support for the state of Israel in its occupation, subjugation, and in some cases, persecution of the Palestinian people, 10% of whom are Christian.

 
Greek Syntactical Notes

A full literal translation is offered, but with only a limited treatment of the Greek text, mainly as it relates to syntax, and thus exegesis - prepositions ( + acc.; + gen.; + dat.) participles (part.), infinitives (inf.), genitives (gen.), .... Other than rough breathings, accents are rarely noted. Nouns and verbs are only listed where a comment is necessary. The NIV text is only partly supplied out of respect for copyright - the purchase of NIV11 is recommended.

 
The Revelation for today

I grew up in Killara, a leafy suburb of Sydney on the northern railway line. It had three shops, a community hall, kindergarten, primary school, Scouts hall, playing fields and parks, and three churches. I started out in the Church of England and then migrated to the Congregational church after being bashed up at Sunday school one day I was finally forced back to the CofE church for Confirmation when I was fourteen years old. In those days, every CofE teenager was Confirmed - it was like a coming out parade. My father was Presbyterian, but the Presbyterian church was a little wooden building in a state of total disrepair and of little attraction to my mother. My mother was CofE, Christmas and Easter, which was about the level of her attendance. My parents were nominal Christian, as were most Australians at this time. Typical of the time, their moral compass was the Ten Commandments and the teachings of Jesus, especially, "do unto others as you would have them do unto you."

My earliest memory of the CofE priest was of an elderly man called Reverend Charlton. He always wore a cassock around town, even at the Sunday School picnic when we would chase him and tug on his cassock to get sweets from him. My mother said he was past it because he always prayed for the late King rather than Queen Elizabeth. Then came Reverend Fox, affectionately known as Foxie; he too wore his cassock around town. Here they were, dressed in the garb of an English Vicar, a garb that dates back to the middle ages, doing what an English Vicar has done for centuries. And there was I sitting in the midst of this unchanged world-view, Western Civilisation, the font for which were the teachings of Christ.

Today I can barely recognised the society of my childhood. In many ways I feel like John, trapped firmly in a pagan world, the church struggling and compromised, with no sign of Christ's return. In some ways I feel like Augustine as he witnessed the sack of Rome in 410AD and the disintegration of Christian civilisation. Over a period of some fifty years I have witness the destruction of Christendom, not from without, but from within. Marxist ideology has permeated the West, replacing Christ's "do unto others" with the oppressive ideal of equality in diversity. Capitalism, now without its moral compass, has replaced the customer first, staff second and shareholder third model with the bottom line model. Executive pay-rates have exploded, employees squeezed and integrity devalued. "I think and it is true" has replaced "I think and therefore I am." We are witnessing the same secular polarisation in politics and academia that was evident in Germany and Russia in the early twentieth century, and we all know where that ended up.

Worst of all, the church is increasingly adapting to the secular ideology of our age. The recent plebiscite in Australia on Gay Marriage was lost well before the vote was taken, but it was the large number of church leaders who felt compelled to argue for diversity against Biblical truth that was of greater concern. Gay couples have as much claim to the grace of God as any of us, but that doesn't make homosexual sex (nor adulterous sex) either natural or moral. Christianity in the West is increasingly in the hands of progressive politicians, activists, and academia, but it is the secularisation of the church, the adoption of secular ideology, syncretism, that is the far greater problem. In my own branch of the Anglican church, we Evangelical Anglicans increasingly adopt marketing strategies to incorporate people into the Christian fellowship rather than depend on gospel communication in the highways and byways of secular society.

So, John, in his Revelation, addresses our world situation. The Christian church is an institution increasingly distrusted by the wider society. Yes, some of it is of our own making, but irrespective of our failings, negative sentiment is growing. We are also a church compromised by secular ideology and so are shifting in our commitment to the apostolic gospel. To this situation John brings a word from Christ. It is time that we assessed our Christian walk, our strengths and weakness, and faced our failings square on. To enable us to press forward in faith, John takes us into the heavenlies to view the divine perspective of reality. And guess what, Satan's play-thing, the secular city (Babylon, the beasts and their associates, antiChrist) lies in ruin, the day of judgment is already underway, Christ has won the victory, celebrations are in full-swing. If we are to share in the celebrations and reign with Christ then we must turn again to Christ ("repent") and press forward in faith (persevere, endure, "conquer").

 
Commentaries on the Book of Revelation

Level of complexity:

1, non-technical, to 5, requiring a workable knowledge of Greek.

Deceased: D. For publications no longer in print.

Other identifiers: Recommended R; Greek Technical G; Theology T

 

Aune, 1997, Word. 5

Brighton, Concordia Commentaries, 1999. 4

Bauckham, The Climax of Prophecy, 1993, T&T Clark. T

Beale, NIGTC, 1999. 5R

Beasley-Murray, NCB, 1974. 3DR

Beckwith, Macmillan, 1919. 5D

Blount, NTL, 2009. 4

Boring, Interpretation, 1989. 3

Caird, Blacks, 1966. 3D

Charles, ICC, 1920. 5D

Yarbro Collins, The Combat Myth in the Book of Revelation, HTR 1976, rep. Wipf & Stock, 2001. T

Farrer, Clarendon, 1964. 2D

Ford, Anchor, 1975, replaced. 4D

Glasson, CBC, 1965. 1D

Goldsworthy, The Gospel in Revelation, Paternoster, 1984. 2DR

Harrington, Sacra Pagina, 1993. 3

Hendriksen, Baker, 1967. 3D

Hughes, Pillar, 1999. 4

Kiddle, Moffatt, 1940. 3D

Koester, Anchor, 2014. 4R

Love, Layman's, 1960. 1D

Mathewson, HGT, 2016. G

Michaels, IVP New Testament Commentary Series. InterVarsity, 1997. 3

Morris, Tyndale, 2nd. ed. 1987. 2

Mounce, NICNT, 1977. 4R

Murphy, NT in Context, 1998. 3

Osborne, BECNT, 2002. 4

Preston / Hanson, Torch, 1949. 1D

Ramsay, London, 1904. 4D

Reddish, Smyth & Helways Commentaries, 2001. 4

Resseguie, Baker Academic, 2009. 3

Richardson, MPA, 1996. 1R

Smalley, IVP, 2005. 5R

Strelan, ChiRho. New ed. Openbook, Where Earth Meets Heaven, 1994. 2

Sweet, Pelican, 1979. 2D

Swete, Macmillan, 1909. 5D

Thomas, Moody, 1992, Dispensational. 4

Thompson, Oxford University Press, 1990. 3

Turner, BECNT. 4

Wilcock, BST, 1975. 2D

Witherington, NCBC, 2003. 3

 

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